Human rights and freedoms in Rwanda: forever altered by past conflicts.

By: Margot Haslin

Rwanda, a nation marked by a tragic history of genocide in 1994, serves as a poignant reminder of the devastating consequences of conflicts around the world. The impacts of past conflicts on human rights and freedoms in Rwanda are profound and enduring. Addressing these violations requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach from the global community. This article explores the historical context, ongoing challenges, and potential intervention strategies to limit human rights violations and promote freedoms within the Rwandan nation.

The Tutsi genocide of 1994, characterized by mass killings targeting the Tutsi ethnic group, resulted in the loss of nearly a million lives. More than 200,000 women were raped, soldiers were assassinated and children taken away from their families. This conflict profoundly affected its citizens and the generations to come, as well as the social, economic, and political fabric of Rwanda. The aftermath has been marked by the challenge of rebuilding a fractured society whilst addressing the complex issues of justice, acceptance, and reconciliation. This nation has made significant strides in the post-genocide era, achieving economic development and stability. However, challenges persist, especially regarding human rights and freedoms. Issues such as political repression, restrictions on freedom of expression, and identity, highlight the need for sustained attention and a common intervention.

In order to fully understand the gravity of this Rwandan conflict, a viable justice system must be implemented. As human rights are at the heart of tackling the aftermath of this genocide, refugees hiding out in neighboring countries must be assured international safety. Likewise, harsher punishments must be installed for those responsible for the 1994 attacks. For instance, in late August 1994, the UN High Commission on Human Rights (UNHCHR) reached an agreement with Rwandan officials to deploy 147 human rights field officers, one for each of the country’s communes. This field operation aimed to carry out investigations into violations of human rights and humanitarian law, cooperate with other international agencies to aid the return of refugees and displaced people and to implement programs of technical cooperation in human rights, particularly in administration of justice.

Similarly, addressing human rights violations in Rwanda requires a collective effort from the international community. The principle of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) emphasizes the global responsibility to intervene when a state is unable or unwilling to protect its citizens from mass atrocities. While respecting Rwanda’s sovereignty, the world has a moral obligation to prevent and respond to human rights violations. That is why engaging in diplomatic efforts with the Rwandan government is essential. International organizations, such as the United Nations, can facilitate open dialogue to address concerns related to citizens’ rights and freedoms’ violations.

Survivors should be able to express their thoughts and feelings, if not encouraged to, to spread awareness. Establishing truth and reconciliation mechanisms can help address the painful legacy of the genocide. Today, the effects of the genocide in Rwanda are still felt in many different ways both inside the country and in neighbouring states, including in the eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This is why assistance to vulnerable groups and initiatives for healing is crucial to provide them with a global understanding and empathy regarding what they have been through. Actors of this genocide must also accept their responsibilities in order for all of the nations to be able to move forward. Indeed, after years of tense relations between France and Rwanda, President Emmanuel Macron established a commission which explored France’s involvement and responsibilities during the conflict. France had foressen this genocide and did not oppose themselves to it, which they have finally recognized decades later. However, many other European nations, who hold their part in this genocide, continue to dismiss the fact that they somewhat contributed to the violations of human rights and freedoms in Rwanda.

Empowering civil society organizations is crucial to fostering accountability and promoting human rights awareness. Providing financial and logistical support to local NGOs can strengthen their ability to monitor and report on human rights abuses, creating a more transparent and accountable society. Investing in education programs that focus on human rights, tolerance, and diversity can contribute to a culture of respect and understanding. Genocide was defined as a crime under international law in the Genocide Convention of 1948 following the Second World War. Educating the generations to come about this “crime against humanity” is absolutely key to prevent future genocides from happening.

Addressing the impacts of past conflicts on human rights and freedoms in Rwanda requires a multifaceted approach that respects the nation’s sovereignty while holding it accountable for upholding universal standards. We individuals, as part of a community, must actively engage in diplomatic efforts, support civil society, invest in education, and consider targeted sanctions when necessary. By working collaboratively, the world can contribute to the ongoing process of healing and rebuilding in Rwanda while assuring the rights and freedoms of its citizens.

Bibliography:

By Krishna Kumar, David Tardif–Douglin with Carolyn Knapp, Kim Maynard, Peter Manikas, and Annette Sheckler (July 1996) Rebuilding Post War Rwanda, “The Role of the International Community” (Accessed: 10/01/2024) https://www.oecd.org/derec/unitedstates/50189461.pdf

United Nations (2023) Outreach Programme on the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda and the United Nations (Accessed: 08/01/2024) https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml

Human Rights Watch (2021), World Report 2022: Rwanda (Accessed: 08/01/2024) https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/rwanda

(cover image) Tyt.com. (2023). Available at: https://legacy.tyt.com/wp-content/uploads/PHO-09Apr02-156645.jpg.